Is India Embracing a New Work Culture? Debates on Long Work Hours Spark Concerns

India is witnessing debates over extended work hours, with Genpact’s proposed 10-hour workday sparking criticism. Comparisons are being drawn to China’s infamous "996" culture, where employees work 9 am to 9 pm, six days a week. While this model fueled China’s economic growth, it led to health crises and worker dissatisfaction. In India, industry leaders and policy changes suggest a shift toward longer hours, raising concerns over mental health and work-life balance. Efforts promoting flexibility and employee well-being offer hope for a balanced approach.

The Growing Debate on Work Hours

Genpact’s recent decision to extend daily work hours to 10 has ignited a wave of criticism from employees and HR professionals alike. While the company later clarified its stance, adopting a nine-hour workday instead, this move has brought attention to the broader discourse around work-life balance in India.

Such debates are not new, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which reshaped workplace dynamics worldwide. However, the question remains: Is India moving towards a work culture reminiscent of China's controversial "996" practice?

Understanding China’s 996 Work Culture

China’s "996" culture—working from 9 am to 9 pm, six days a week—has been both celebrated and criticized. Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, once described the practice as a “blessing,” highlighting its role in driving China’s economic growth. Major companies like Alibaba, JD.com, and Huawei have embraced this intense work ethic, aligning with capitalist principles that prioritize productivity and overtime.

However, the darker side of this culture is evident. A BBC report revealed that workers at Shein’s suppliers often clock 75 hours a week for minimal pay. Basic wages without overtime were reported to be as low as 2,400 yuan ($327), far below the 6,512 yuan deemed a “living wage” by the Asia Floor Wage Alliance.

In response to growing concerns, China’s Supreme Court and Ministry of Human Resources declared the "996" schedule illegal in 2021. Companies could no longer penalize employees for rejecting such grueling hours. Additionally, studies by the WHO revealed alarming health impacts of overwork, with long hours contributing to over 745,000 deaths annually from strokes and heart attacks.

Despite these rulings, dissatisfaction persists in China, exacerbated by rising unemployment—nearly 20% among youth aged 16 to 24—and increasing worker protests over unpaid wages.

India’s Shifting Work Dynamics

India appears to be inching toward its version of "996." Recent developments, including comments from industry leaders and proposed policy changes, suggest a shift in workplace expectations.

Infosys cofounder Narayana Murthy recently advocated for a 70-hour workweek to bolster the economy, while L&T chairman S N Subrahmanyan stirred controversy by suggesting 90-hour workweeks. Additionally, Karnataka’s proposed labor reforms aim to extend the workday to 10 hours and increase overtime limits to 144 hours over three months.

These changes are not without consequences. Mental health challenges are on the rise among India’s workforce, particularly among younger employees. A report from early 2023 highlighted that over 90% of employees under 25 experience anxiety, compared to 67% of those over 45. This underscores the urgent need for structured support systems to address these challenges.

Steps Toward a Balanced Approach

Despite the push for longer hours, there are efforts to counterbalance the narrative. Infosys, for instance, has introduced measures to promote work-life balance. Employees are now expected to work nine hours and 15 minutes per day, with remote work hours closely monitored to prevent overexertion.

Innovative policies are also emerging globally. A Chinese retail chain, Pang Dong Lai, introduced "unhappy leaves," allowing employees to take time off during emotional or mental distress. Similarly, initiatives like silent hours, meditation zones, and enhanced parental leave options are gaining traction to foster employee well-being.

The Road Ahead

As debates around work hours continue, India faces a critical juncture. Embracing a balanced approach that values productivity while safeguarding employee health and well-being will be essential. The lessons from China’s "996" culture serve as a cautionary tale, highlighting the risks of prioritizing work at the expense of life.

The question for India is not just how to work longer, but how to work better—striking a balance that benefits both the workforce and the economy.