ASI reveals 1,100-year-old engineering Ancient Marvel: The Ingenious Engineering of Anang Dam

The 1,000-year-old Anang Dam, built by King Anangpal Tomar, showcases early Indian hydraulic engineering. Located near Delhi, it used gravity-based technology to manage rainwater, supporting ancient settlements. Key features include sloped walls, carved steps, and seven drainage channels. Anangpal, founder of Delhi, also built the nearby Anang Tal, now a National Monument. Restoration efforts revived these historic structures, highlighting their sustainable design and enduring legacy as symbols of innovation and resourcefulness in ancient India.

India's rich historical legacy continues to shine through its ancient engineering marvels, with one such example being the 1,000-year-old Anang Dam. Recently brought into the spotlight by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), this dam stands as a testament to the ingenuity and sustainability of early hydraulic systems. Built without the aid of modern machinery, the structure employed gravity-based technology to efficiently manage and store rainwater, serving as a vital resource for early settlements.

A Glimpse Into the Past

Commissioned over 1,100 years ago by King Anangpal Tomar, the ruler of Delhi during the 11th century, the Anang Dam is located in Anangpur village near the Delhi-Haryana border. This dam is not only one of the oldest in India but also a key piece of the region's historical water management system. It played a pivotal role in rainwater harvesting and provided a steady water supply to the settlements in what is now Delhi.

Ancient Delhi’s Water Management Network

How was water supplied to ancient Delhi? Ingenious rainwater harvesting systems like Surajkund and Badkhal Lake, combined with natural storage methods, formed the backbone of the region’s water supply. At the heart of this intricate network was the Anang Dam, strategically nestled between the Aravalli hills. Without the use of mechanical systems, this dam ensured a reliable water source for the flourishing communities of the time.

Engineering Excellence of the Anang Dam

The Anang Dam is an architectural marvel that exemplifies the advanced hydraulic engineering of its era. Here are some of its notable features:

• Sloped Eastern Wall: The dam’s eastern wall is thicker at the base and tapers as it rises, enhancing its structural stability.

  
  

• Carved Stone Steps: The western side of the dam is adorned with meticulously carved steps.

  
  

• Lateral Steps: Angular steps on the northern and southern sides provide additional support and functionality.

  
  

• Seven Drainage Channels: These channels, placed at varying depths, allowed for selective water retention and controlled release.

  
  

• Materials Used: The dam was constructed using finely carved stone blocks, rubble masonry, and lime mortar — a testament to the craftsmanship of the era.

  
  

• Impressive Dimensions: Spanning approximately 101.2 meters, the structure reflects the scale and ambition of its builders.

  
  

The Legacy of King Anangpal Tomar

King Anangpal Tomar, often regarded as the founder of Delhi, ruled during the 11th century as a member of the Tomar dynasty. This dynasty, which began in the early 8th century, established its capital at Anangpur and left a lasting impact on the region. Anangpal Tomar is credited with the construction of several forts, temples, and public works. While many of these structures have succumbed to the ravages of time, the Anang Dam and the nearby Anang Tal remain enduring symbols of his legacy.

Anang Tal: From Historic Tank to National Monument

Anang Tal, another remarkable creation of Anangpal II, is situated in Mehrauli, Delhi. Declared a National Monument in 2022 by the Government of India, it further highlights the engineering brilliance of the Tomar dynasty. According to Alexander Cunningham, the founding director of ASI, the tank measured 169 feet (north-south) by 152 feet (east-west) and had a depth of 40 feet, giving it a storage capacity of nearly one million cubic feet.

Recent restoration efforts by the Delhi government have revived this historic site. Several tonnes of debris were cleared, allowing the ancient water tank to reclaim its prominence as a vital element of Delhi’s historical infrastructure.

A Testament to Timeless Ingenuity

The Anang Dam and Anang Tal stand as enduring testaments to the innovative spirit and sustainable practices of ancient Indian engineering. Their preservation not only honors the legacy of King Anangpal Tomar but also serves as a reminder of the importance of sustainable water management systems, even in today’s modern world. These ancient marvels inspire awe and provide valuable lessons for future generations.